2011;343:5224. Radial arm maze performance of rats following repeated low level microwave radiation exposure. 2008;22:9927. The function of dendritic spines: devices subserving biochemical rather than electrical computation. [64] exposed cultured rat hippocampal neurons to GSM 1800MHz microwaves (SAR, 2.4W/kg) and observed a selective decrease in the amplitude of -amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-soxazole propionic acid (AMPA) miniature excitatory postsynaptic currents (mEPSCs). Handheld cellular telephone use and risk of brain cancer. Standard devices used by military personnel that may pose electromagnetic hazards include radars and missile systems. Wang L, Peng R, Hu X, Gao Y, Wang S, Zhao L, et al. Vorobyov V, Janac B, Pesic V, Prolic Z. Symptoms included headache, paresthesia, diarrhea, malaise and lassitude. Many recent studies have reported that microwaves exposure affects EEG results [54,55,56,57]. It has been shown that neurons are sensitive to reductions in the availability of adenosine triphosphate (ATP), the main source of energy in mitochondria, which have been reported to be vulnerable to microwave radiation [118]. Correspondence to To investigate the effects of microwaves radiation on apoptotic activity, cell viability, and cell cycle progression, which can provide information about microwaves radiation effects on neural cells over the period from embryonic stages to infants. Cosquer B, Kuster N, Cassel JC. Radiat Res. The former is now recognized worldwide as a method for evaluating learning and memory, while the latter is viewed as more susceptible to other factors. Li HJ, Peng RY, Wang CZ, Qiao SM, Yong Z, Gao YB, et al. Google Scholar. Srinivasan R. Anatomical constraints on source models for high-resolution EEG and MEG derived from MRI. Damage to learning abilities and reduction of glucose utilization in the limbic system of adult rats are closely linked [109]. Their answers to questionnaires showed that the workers suffered from symptoms including headaches, fatigue, stress and sleeplessness. Brain cancer with induction periods of less than 10 years in young military radar workers. However, the problem with these studies is that different parameters, such as the frequency, modulation, and power density of the radiation and the irradiation time, were used to evaluate microwave radiation between studies. Edelstyn N, Oldershaw A. One of the bad impacts a microwave has on humans, is that some of the acids in the food people put in the microwave, gets transformed into a type of acid which turns poisonous. increased with the growing in the number of devices that used the Microwave frequencies in. [104] found that exposure to a 1.9GHz pulse-modulated RF field for 4h at 0.1, 1.0, and 10W/kg did not affect gene expression in U87MG glioblastoma cells. Many studies have been made on the biological effects of microwave radiation. PubMed PubMed 2007;28:187380. Article Verma RK, Sisodia R, Bhatia A. Radioprotective role of Amaranthus Gangeticus Linn. Toxicol Sci. Many adversarial effects on health causes by electromagnetic. Interphone study group. Regional cerebral glucose uptake in the 3xTG model of Alzheimer's disease highlights common regional vulnerability across AD mouse models. EEG data reflect the functional state of the brain by enlarging the autologous weak bioelectricity recorded by the EEG-recording instrument [47]. Most studies have suggested that microwave radiation can cause EEG abnormalities in experimental animals and participants, but some negative results have also been reported in studies using low-power microwaves. The largest problem in these studies is that they used different parameters, such as the frequency, modulation, power density and irradiation time, to apply microwave radiation, in addition to using a variety of research methods. However, with its popularization, increasing attention has been paid to its influence on humans. The authors detected the EEG within the frequency bands of 0.530.0Hz for 5 consecutive days. Does MW radiation affect gene expression, apoptotic level, and cell cycle progression of human sh-sy5y neuroblastoma cells? PubMed PubMed In epidemiology, there is no conclusive evidence showing that microwaves have carcinogenic effects. [78] exposed differentiated astroglial cells that were cultured for 14days in vitro to either continuous 900MHz waves or 900MHz waves modulated in amplitude at 50Hz using a sinusoidal wave form and 100% modulation index for 5, 10, or 20min. Dasdag et al. 2013;42:428. Microwaves are a form of electromagnetic. Suhhova et al. J Mol Neurosci. 2004;23:20114. Conductors will strongly absorb microwaves and any lower frequencies because they will cause electric currents which will heat the material. Military Medical Research Manage cookies/Do not sell my data we use in the preference centre. 2003;140:147. Xu et al. 2016;25:31827. Neuroreport. Ito K, Hirao A, Arai F, Takubo K, Matsuoka S, Miyamoto K, et al. Cosquer et al. Chin J Radiol Med Prot. Merola et al. Neuroreport. Xiong et al. Oxidative stress refers to an imbalance between oxidants and antioxidants in vivo and is characterized by a biochemical state that tends toward oxidization, including the formation of oxygen free radicals (i.e., ROS) and nitrogen radicals reactive nitrogen species (RNS), which play major roles in oxidation. Othman et al. J Radiat Res (Tokyo). Ragozzino ME, Unick KE, Gold PE. 2006;27:295306. The mechanism by which microwave radiation decreases glucose, resulting in impaired learning and memory in rats, may be related to an increase in the synthesis and release of acetylcholine in the hippocampus. Eliyahu I, Luria R, Hareuveny R, Margaliot M, Meiran N, Shani G. Effects of radiofrequency radiation emitted by cellular telephones on the cognitive functions of humans. Google Scholar. Int J Occup Environ Health. Dasdag S, Balci K, Ayyildiz M, Celik M, Tekes S, Kaplan A. However, it concurrently also declared that the carcinogenic potential of mobile communications equipment was limited to glioma [4]. EEG is often used as a tool to diagnose Alzheimers disease [48]. Behav Brain Res. To determine the precise dose-effect relationship between microwave radiation and its biological effects, further detailed studies must be performed. Neuroreport. Microwave radiation can cause tissue damage by inducing localized microstructural damage to proteins [86, 87]. Environ Toxicol Pharmacol. Finally, Hardell et al. J Electromagnet Anal. Structure, development, and plasticity of dendritic spines. 2009;4:e4389. Mobile phone use facilitates memory in male, but not female, subjects. Effects of 902 MHz electromagnetic field emitted by cellular telephones on response times in humans. When nerve endings are excited, the vesicles release their contents into the synaptic cleft, resulting in synaptic transmission. Neurobiol Learn Mem. The study also showed that exposure to GSM microwaves at 915MHz did not induce detectable DNA double-strand breaks but affected the expression of genes in rat brain cells. Richter ED, Berman T, Levy O. The fields had an average power density of 0, 5, 10 or 50mW/cm2. Synaptic vesicles form in different parts of neurons and contain high concentrations of substances that are transferred from the neuron. Lai et al. The conclusions are shown in Table3. Dasdag et al. Microwaves are widely used in broadcasting, communications and many industrial fields. Google Scholar. Othman H, Ammari M, Sakly M, Abdelmelek H. Effects of prenatal exposure to WIFI signal (2.45 GHz) on postnatal development and behavior in rat: influence of maternal restraint. J Neuro. 1994;15:95104. However, these effects were not observed in radial arm maze tests. The results of EEG and analyses of the structure of the brain after radiation have also confirmed the influence of microwaves. The transduction of a nerve impulse and the postsynaptic potential produced by it result in synaptic transmission. Bioelectromagnetics. Therefore, in this article, we reviewed recent studies that have explored the effects of microwave radiation on the brain, especially the hippocampus, including analyses of epidemiology, morphology, electroencephalograms, learning and memory abilities and the mechanisms underlying brain dysfunction. Human short-term exposure to electromagnetic fields emitted by mobile phones decreases computer-assisted visual reaction time. Synapses are special structures that are involved in the transmission of electrochemical signals between neurons in the central nervous system. Mortazavi S, Tavakkoli-Golpayegani A, Haghani M, Mortazavi S. Looking at the other side of the coin: the search for possible biopositive cognitive effects of the exposure to 900 MHz GSM mobile phone radiofrequency radiation. 2.45 GHz Microwave Radiation Impairs Learning and Spatial Memory via Oxidative/Nitrosative Stress Induced p53-Dependent/Independent Hippocampal Apoptosis: Molecular Basis and Underlying Mechanism. The results were significant for the range from 12.518.0GHz with a service period greater than 10years. The effects of microwave radiation on protein synthesis in brain remain undetermined. RF energy has the ability to heat human tissue, much like the way that microwave ovens heat food, and can be hazardous if the exposure is sufficiently intense or prolonged. Because the frequency of microwaves is sufficiently high that the energy is absorbed, the subsequent heating of tissue becomes its major mechanism, and most biochemical and physiological responses are temperature-dependent. Microwave frequencies for which the wavelengths are the same order of magnitude as the dimensions of human body produce close coupling between the body and the microwave field. Behav Brain Res. The progeny brain oxidative balance and serum biochemistry, such as phosphorus, magnesium, glucose, triglycerides and calcium levels, were disrupted [60]. Ongwijitwat S, Wong-Riley MT. In the CNS, glutamic acid binds and plays physiological roles with the following two receptors: ionotropic glutamate and metabolic glutamate. 2006;5:389. [50] exposed Wistar rats to 2.856GHz microwaves at an average power density of 5, 10, 20 or 30mW/cm2 for 6min three times per week for up to 6weeks and found that on day 14 after irradiation, the levels of Asp and Glu were lower in the hippocampus in the group treated with 5mW/cm2 but higher in the group treated with 30mW/cm2, The levels of GABA were elevated. Int J Radiat Biol. 2016;53:210011. 2015;91:55561. volume4, Articlenumber:29 (2017) [38] exposed Wistar rats to a 2.856GHz pulsed microwave field for 6min. Most matter, including the human body, is largely . Concurrently, in the hippocampus, acetylcholine can promote learning and memory [115, 116]. Joubert V, Bourthoumieu S, Leveque P, Yardin C. Apoptosis is induced by radiofrequency fields through the caspase-independent mitochondrial pathway in cortical neurons. [62] irradiated Wistar rats, hippocampal synaptosomes and differentiated PC12 cells using microwaves (average power density, 30mW/cm2) for 5min, and the results showed that the post-exposure spatial memory of the rats was significantly decreased, the post-exposure levels of phosphorylated synapsin I (p-synapsin I) and GABA were decreased in the rat and cell experiments, and the post-exposure levels of vesicular GABA transporter and p-synapsin I were increased in small clear synaptic vesicles (which were abnormally assembled in presynaptic terminals) in the rat experiments. 1975;148:1723. Laboratory of Experimental Pathology, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, 100850, China, You can also search for this author in In 35% of cases, soldiers work in intermediate and hazardous zones and in 22%only in the intermediate zone. Electromagnetic radiation can be absorbed by organisms, in which it causes a series of physiological and functional changes. 2004;155:3743. broad definition in terms of frequencies between. In industrial fields, exposure is usually occupational, and its sources include the surgical and physiotherapeutic use of diathermy, dielectric heating (i.e., heating and vulcanization applications), microwave ovens, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) medical diagnostic equipment, radar, military and research microwave systems, electricity-supplying networks, and electricity-distributing and transmitting equipment [3].